Recognizing Acute Altered Level of Awareness in Older Adults

When evaluating an altered LOA, the geriatric population throws out the standard rulebook.

Older adults may present atypically because reduced physiologic reserve, blunted compensatory responses, comorbid illness, and polypharmacy can mask expected findings. A subtle change in attention, behaviour, or level of awareness may be the earliest sign of infection, shock, occult trauma, stroke, medication toxicity, or metabolic illness. The most important first step is to establish whether the patient has acutely changed from their usual baseline.

By the end of this tip, paramedics will be able to identify an acute change from baseline, recognize high-risk atypical patterns, and complete a focused assessment for reversible causes of altered LOA in an older adult.

The “normal vitals” trap
You respond to an 84-year-old woman described by staff as “a little more confused and sleepy today.” She is normally conversational and ambulates with a walker. No fall has been reported. HR 78, BP 108/66, RR 22, SpO₂ 94% on room air, temperature 36.1°C, and BGL 7.0 mmol/L. During your assessment, she is inattentive and repeatedly drifts off.

Do the apparently acceptable vital signs reassure you, or increase the importance of identifying what has changed from baseline?

Establish baseline and recognize a delirium pattern

Do not rely on orientation questions alone. Determine whether the patient has changed from baseline and assess attention, thinking, and level of consciousness.

Looking beyond “Confusion” - Four clinical patterns that should raise concern

High-yield Assessment – Use a broad, structured assessment to identify reversible causes

1. Collateral History & Baseline – ask family, caregivers or staff what has changed, when it began and what the patient can normally do.
2. Focused Neurologic/Stroke Assessment – Look for subtle or fluctuating deficits.
3. Head to Toe – Look for unwitnessed falls, head injuries, pain, dehydration, urinary retention, etc.
4. Infection & System Review – Assess for respiratory, urinary, skin or wound, abdominal, and device-related sources of infection rather than relying on temperature alone.
5. Cardiorespiratory Assessment – Respiratory effort, SpO2, perfusion and rhythm. Consider 12 lead ecg and ETCO2 (if available). 
6. Medication Review – Identify recent starts, stops, dose changes, duplicates, missed doses and high-risk medications.

Bottom Line: In older adults, acute confusion is not a normal consequence of aging. Identify the change from baseline, search for a reversible high-acuity cause, and reassess frequently – even when the first set of vitals appear normal.

Apply it on your next call: With your next older adults with altered LOA, can you clearly state: what has changed? When did it change? Has it fluctuated? Which high-risk causes did I actively assess?

Early Transport Decisions in Cardiac Arrest

Out-of-hospital cardiac arrest management requires paramedics to balance the benefits of on-scene resuscitation with the potential advantages of rapid transport. High-quality CPR, rhythm analysis, defibrillation, and airway management are often best performed in a controlled on-scene environment. However, some patients who are unlikely to meet Termination of Resuscitation (TOR) criteria may benefit from early transport, and this is not limited to the H’s and T’s of reversible causes. The decision to transport prior to 20 minutes of resuscitation should be guided by objective clinical factors and the ability to maintain high-quality resuscitation throughout extrication and transport.

Mastering the Clock and the Card: Optimizing Field Stroke Assessments & Bypass Protocols

When an acute ischemic stroke occurs, millions of neurons die every minute, making rapid reperfusion therapy the highest priority. The Paramedic Prompt Card for Acute Stroke Bypass Protocol (see image below) acts as the guideline for this life-altering care, assisting paramedics to determine when to bypass local hospitals in favor of designated Regional Stroke Centers. However, the success of this hinges entirely on the quality of field assessment by paramedics. Accurate Identification of the Last Seen Normal (LSN) window, swift calculation of large vessel occlusion (LVO), and medical history are what allow the emergency department stroke teams to immediately assess and determine the appropriate treatment including the administration of thrombolytic medication like Tenecteplase (TNK) or other potential treatment pathways.

By the end of this tip, paramedics will be able to accurately calculate and document a patient’s LSN time, correctly apply the LAMS score for LVO screening, and gather the critical anticoagulant data required to optimize the acute stroke bypass.

Amputations are high-acuity, time-sensitive injuries that can occur in a wide range of environments; from industrial and farm machinery to motor vehicle collisions, power tools, and even sharp-force trauma. The mechanism can vary significantly, from clean surgical-like separations to severe crush or avulsion injuries, each presenting unique challenges for prehospital care. Regardless of the cause, early recognition and proper management are critical to patient outcomes. Effective hemorrhage control, preservation of the amputated part, when possible, and rapid transport decisions all play a vital role in improving survival and the potential for reattachment.

This month’s Tip of the Month is intended to support paramedics in assessing and prioritizing management of traumatic amputations, including effective hemorrhage control and appropriate preservation of the amputated part, in accordance with Ontario BLS and ALS-PCS standards.