Vector Change - Refractory VF/Pulseless VT

At any point a patient has had three (3) consecutive defibrillations, paramedics shall consider a vector change prior to the next defibrillation. If the first set of pads applied are placed in the anterior/lateral position, the second set of pads shall be placed in the anterior/posterior position.  Note: the first set of pads may remain in place but need to be disconnected from the monitor.  Once the second set of pads are applied in the anterior/posterior position, ensure that you connect them to the defibrillator. 

If subsequent defibrillation is performed with the new pads, and the patient remains in refractory VF or pulseless VT, paramedics shall then initiate extrication and transport once an egress plan has been established.

Conversely, if the patient is converted to a non-shockable rhythm (PEA/Asystole), paramedics shall remain on scene and continue resuscitation (up to 20 mins) as per the cardiac arrest medical directive.

For ACP’s, the consideration to transport early with respect to refractory VF/pulseless VT, will occur only after three (3) epinephrine administrations have occurred (or after 3rd consecutive defibrillation if no IV/IO/CVAD/ETT access). 

Careful pad placement allows for the most direct and unobstructed path of transthoracic current (TTC). Improper pad placement and the presence of a variety of substances can create resistance to current flow, also called transthoracic impedance (TTI). Some examples that may interfere with the delivered current and create impedance, or resistance, may include jewelry, hair, moisture and breast tissue.

When pads are placed anterior-laterally, or standard placement, one pad is placed on the patient’s upper right torso above the right nipple (just below the clavicle), and the other pad should be placed lateral to the patient's left nipple, with the center of the pad on the midaxillary line, where  possible. See the following image below for detail.

Alternatively, for the anterior-posterior position, or front-back position, place the front pad over the cardiac apex between the midline of the chest and nipple on a male victim or under the breast on a female.  The posterior pad should be placed to the left of the spine just below the scapula at the heart level.  See image below.

The following are examples of appropriate documentation when applying new defibrillation pads: